Continuous combustion apparatus.



PATENTED AUG. 27, 1907.

B. 1 NOYES; CONTINUOUS COMBUSTION APPARATUS.

APPLIOATION IILIZDDOT. 9, 1906.

4 MinnTs nami" 1.

No. 864,183. BATENTED AUG. 27, 1907.

, E. P. NOYES.

CONTINUOUS CUMBUSTION APPARATUS.

urmouxox NLRB 0019. 1905.

4 SEEETSBHEET 2.

PATENTED- AUG. 27, 1907.

E. P. NOYES. CONTINUOUS COMBUSTION APPARATUS.

LPPLIOLTIOI TILED 0013.9, 1906.

W li/I117 M PATENTED AUG. 27, 1907.

E. P. moms. commuous GDMBUST-ION APPARATUS.-

APPLICATION FILED OUT-9. 190$.a

EDWARD r. NOYIES, OF WINCHESTER, MASSACHUSETTS.

eommooos comians'rron APPARATUS. i 1

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Aug. 27, 1907-- Application filed Octoher 9,1905. Serial No. 281,934.

To all whom it may concern:

' Be it known that I, EDWARD P. Novas, a citizen of the United States, residing at Winchester, in the county of M iddlesex and State of Massachusetts, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Continuous Combustion (loin-mating and Controlling Apparatus,

' of which the following specification and accompanying drawings illustrate the ipvention in a form which I now regard as the best-out of the various forms in which rizpd by the products of combustion to create a body of mixed steam and gases which passes to the engine and operates the latter.

The present invention dealsespecially with the con-f struction of a novel form of generator for such systems and with the/novel regulation and control of combustion and superheating both within the generator and at a distant point nearer to the motor, or in the course of the fluid passing through the motor.

Referring to the drawings, Figure 1 represents a diagrammatic elevation of continuens-combustion apparatus embodying my invention, Fig. 2 represents a vertical section of the generator, Fig. 3 represents a side elevation thereof, partly in section, looking at rightangles to. Fig.- 2, Fig. 4 represents a section of the upper end of the c:nnbustion-tube, Fig. 5 represents a section .on the line 5-5 of Fig 2, Fig. 6 represents a section on the line 6-li of Fig. 5, Figs. 7 and 8 represent sections on the lines 7 7 and 8-8 of Fig. 3, Fig.9 represents a section on the line 9 9 of Fig. 2, Fig. 10 represents a section on the line ]0-10 of Fig. 9, Fig. 11 represents an axial section of the water-spray nozzle. the generator, Fig. 12 represents a view partly in section of the pressure-balance mechanism .ior the reheating burner, Fig: 13represents a vertical scctionof the distaut superheating burner, Fig. 14 represents a section on the line 1414 of Fig. 13, Figs. 15 and 16 represent details of the cone-valve in said superheater. 4

The same reference characters indicate the same parts in all the views. a i p In the drawings 20 indicates a constant-pressure'gcnorator having a burner 21 and regulating valve-mechanism 22 at the upper end and a water=pot or cooliug chamber 23 at the lower end. The engine or metor receives a motive fluid composed-of steam and controls the flow of compressed gas and primary comior rotatory movement upon thestem 39, which changes products of combustion through a trunk-pipe 24. The motorjs shown in two 'lorms, viz: First, a compound reciprocating engine 25 driving a two-stage reciprocating air-compressor 26 and a two-stage reciprocating gasscornprcssor 27 which supply compressed air and gas to the generator 20 through an air-pipe 28 and aggas-pipe 29, and secondly, a compound turbine 30 having a high-pressure department 31 and a lowpressure department 32, the two engines beingsupplicd in parallel through the branch pipes 33 34. .A branch 35 also leads to the. motor-cy]ind -r ol' a pump 36 for supplying feed-water under pressure to the generator 20,

The burner-head 21 has a cone-valve 37 which I pipe 28} On the valvc-stenr 39 are also located valves 43 44,- the former of which controls a supply of secondary air going to the outside of the flame through a pipe 45.and the latter of which controls a supply of by-pass air which obtains entrance into thecombustiontube as hereinaiter described by way of a pipe 46.

Thestructure 22, including diaphragm 40 and'its attachedvalvcs, and termed the initial-terminal or IT valve, is more fully described in my aforesaid applications Serial Nos. 736,588 and 275,861.

-The vertical movement of the valve-stem 39 produces a variation inthe orificesfor the flow of air and gas which maintains the resistance at a substantially constant point during variations in the 'volu'rne of flow of said fluids. Valves 43 44 are also adapted the relation between the. primary and by-pass orificcs to correspond with a variation in the How of gas to the burner but does not change the total airorificc. Before reaching the burner the gas-supply passes a floating meter piston 47 (Fig. 5) in a casing 48 and" reaches the interior of valve-stem 39 through a pipe 49. Gas above a predetermined pressure is released back to the gas-compressor suction through a loaded valve 50. The piston 47 connects with the two valves 43 44 through an arm 51, rock-shaft 52, pinion-segment 53 and rack 54 engaging a gear 55 formed on the valve-sleeve. According as morqg'as is released past valve 50 and less burner-gas is measured by piston .47, the by-pass valve 44 opens and the burner valve 43--closes, sending a proportionatcly less-quantity of air to the burner, the total 110 l reslstance, however, being unvaried by rotation ofh .to the rotary air valves.

tail in my application Serial No. 275,861., and the present mechanism just described, differs therefrom principally in the improved means shown. in Figs. 5 and 6 for transmitting motion from the meter piston The combustion space 38 is immediately inclosed by a removable and renewable. liner 56 into whose upper end the nose of the burner-head projects. This liner is supported upon a ledge 57 in the upper chamber of the main generator body, and it extends downwardly through the major part of the length of the combustion-tube 58, the lower end of the latter being within the cooling therein.

It has in practice been a matter of difficulty to make a proper and durable joint between the combustion-tube nd the upper body of the generator casing. I In the present instance I provide a very simple and efhcient joint at this point-which will prevent leakage between the interior of the combustion-chamber and the slightly lower pressure outside of said chamber and will at the same time permit renewals of the combustion-tube, by forming a flange 59 on the upper end of said tube, resting this flange on a ledge 60 on the upper casting,.and attaching the lower end of the combustion-tube to the lower wall of the water-pot 23 with a yielding connection which allows for the unequal expansion of the combustiontube and the outer wall of the generator: Tube 58 is formed with lugs 61 (seen clearly in Fig.9) engaged I by the head 62 ofa key-bolt or stay 63 which passes through the bottom of the water-pot. On the outside is an adjustable head or yoke 64 engaged by a downwardly-pressing spring 65. The belt stem is hollow and perforated at 66 to form a continuation.

of the feed-water. conduit .67 which supplies the cooling chamber. The upper face 'of the key-bolt head is grooved at 68 (Figs. 9 and 10) to guide the overflow and insure the cooling of said head whenthe water-levelis below it and also to distribute the water in a'film over. the unimme'rsed interior sur faces in order to promote evaporation during the' downward hot flow. The lower end of the tube 58 is formed with perforations 69 for the exit of products of combustion and any steam'into the cooling chamber. r

7]. is a conical baflie attachedto the stem of keybolt 63 for directing the water circulation and forming a quiescent space in the lower part of the water-pot.

Spring standards 70 support the intermediate portion of the' generator casing, and the water-pot 23 is bolted to saidintermediate portion independently of air mayaid in completihg combustion or it may be an excess supply which becomes heated and expanded by the hot products of the completed main cornbu tion, according to the height of th s lower end of 56, distribution of flows, etc. In passing throughthe annular passage 72 this air absorbs heat from the surface of liner 56 and serves to protect the latter and also the combustion-tube 58. The steam in themotive mixture passing upwardly from the cooling chamber 23 becomes more or less superheated by contact with the outside of the combustion-lube and by by-passing un quenched through the uppcr row of perforations, and

the amount of supcrheat may be adjusted by varying the water-level in the cooling chamber.

A further aid to the protection of burner parts and the suppression of excessive temperatures is by a water-spray (in which term I also include a jet or sprzay of steam or mixed water and steam) delivered through a nozzle 73 (Figs. 8 and 1.1)against the outsideof' the liner 56 at about the hottest part thereof. Just below said nozzle the upper edgemf the combusthmstube 58 is grooved at 74 to catch any drip from said nozzle and distribute it uniformly around the edge of the tube for overflow into the interior of said tube. This jet is supplied by a branch '75 from the feed-pipe 67 and passes through a heating coil 76'heated by an atmospheric gas-burner 77 which is fed under throttle heating of the jet-water is thus afforded and if desired the water may be vaporized before introduction to the by-pass air-space. A thermostat 79- in the generator delivery-pipe 24 is connected through rod 80, levers 81 82; and rods 83 84 with valves 85 86 in the gas-line and the water-line respectively of the heater 76, so that as engine-llow becomcs hotter the water-flow to nozzle 73 will become cooler. By maintaining the water delivered by said nozzle alternately'above and. below the vaporizing point a very powerful influence is provided for thecontrol of temperatures and super- ,heat in' the generator. I may if desired control temperaturesentirely by means of this water flow'anddispense with a pool in'the water-pot 23.

Water-level is automatically controlled within the cooling chamber 23 by a level-controller 87 having a diaphragm 88 acting on pump by-pass valve 89. Normal generator pressure is constantly on the lower side of said diaphragm, and on the upper side thereof the pressure is varied by the covering or uncovering of theinlet to the upper diaphragm-chamber by the rising and falling water. When said inlet is covered a minute leakage past a valve 90 reduces the pressure in said upper diaphragm-chamberand enables the diaphragm 88 to rise and open the by-pass 89. Should leakage-valve 90 be wholly closed it is evident that the water-level will rise within the generator; resulting in the evaporation of more water and the diminution of superheat Hence by attaching the stem of so that neither water of condensation nor uplifted wap For emergencies there is provided a reservoir 91 of water which opens through alternative inlets 92 into the cooling-chamber 23 and is provided with a vent 916 whereby any trapped air or gases may be released reservoir 91, and when uncovered the rcser'voir is ventedand its contents discl'iarged into the cooling chamber. C t

The downward passage ofcombustion gases around the lower end of the ctmibustioirtube, 58 and through its perloiatiims causes the water-level to be depressed in the said tube and raised on the outside thereof. 1 provide for observing the two different levels by means of two gage-glasses 93 94 (Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 8) both of whose lower ends connect with the cooling chamber 23 while their upper ends connect respectively with the chamber 95 outside the Combustion -tube and the chamber 960 within, said .tube. Should there be no substantial leaks intho combustion-tnbe or through its joint with the ledge (30 the two gage;glasses will show different water-levels inside and outside .the tube.

v For the purpose of detecting leaks and for judging as to the volume of combustion-fit)w', I- connect together chamber 95,outside the combustion-tube and chamber 96 communicating with -its. interior, by means of a loop 97 in which is placed a bypass valve 98. .Wheh a leak is suspected the genemtormay be shutdown, the waterlevel.therein raised as high as desired and the pressures within and without the combustion tube equalized by opening valve 98. The latter' is then closcd'and a gentle airpressure' admitted to the space within said tube. This will depress the water in the tube, and if a leak is encountered the water will cease to fall and by observing the interior-level glass 94 the ex'act location ofgthe leak will have been determined.

from the generator it may be desirable'to transfer a part of the snperheating operation to a point near theinotor,

and for'this purpose I have shown an internal-combustion superheater 100 in the branch supply-pipe 34 leadingto the turbine motor, and which en bodies'a burner lOl supplied with compressed air and gasirom' the conduits 28 and '29 through branches l02. 103 and controlled by an I-T valve-mechanism similar'to the valve-mechanism 22. The burner valve 105 has a small I groove 106 out in its face for maintaining a flame when being connected with the stem 109 of the burner valve said valveis closed. The burner 101 imparts a suitable superheat to the'engine-bound iluid and is under the control of athermostat 107 in the-pipe 34 between s'uperhcater and motor, the rod 1080f said thermostat 105 through a spring-arm 110 wherebythe differential of the I-T valve is increased upon a predetermined increasein the temperature of the engine-bound fluid, which results inasmaller measure of flow, for the'instant, through conduits 102 and 103. The burner 101 has external fins 111 in the paths of the entering'air for preheating the air-supply and cooling the parts exposed to flame heat.

The combination of main and auxiliary internal combustion geneiatorsshown in Fig. l at 20and 100 has certain special advantages. G encrator20-is primarily an evaporator and secondarily asuperhcatcr. Generator 100 is primarilya siiperheatcrand secondarily it may be an evaporator, if occasion requires. For

evapomtionin 20 a cooling chamber arcashould preferablybc provided suflicicntfor permitting the easy liberation-of gases from the water, this area being far greater than thatnecessary'for the How of these gases after they have separated. (The proportions in the dmwingsare not intended to be exact). Providing it, makcs the generator pot large, and constriction of its area results in the lifting of aiine. spray or iog.-- which spray may be measurably evaporated in the generator by means of baflle-plates such as are shown in my application Serial No. 275,861, or the spray may pass over' with.thesuperheating gases-and be gradually evap'm'ated during its journey through the engine pipe or through the engine. A feature noted in practice is that, when this spray or fog passes over with the'cngine I flow, a thermometer at the generator does not take cognizance of it but records simply the temperature the superhcat temperature is sensibly abated thereby and this is shown by a markeill y lower reading on a thermometer placed near the engine-inlet.

Now it' would be practicable to make the pot of generator 20 so small as to increase to any-degree desired, this spraying eff cct. Such a spray, without anysuperheating buruerlOO, "would be simply a disadvantage;

but with a subsequentsuperheating device'emnpetent to bring back temperatures to the desired level atv the point of use, the spmying action in asinall first generator is of a superior.cliaraeter, for it occurs coincidentally'with the presence of a pool capable of dominating temperatures beyond question for all sizes of ill't. In this respect sucha pool-spray eombiiuition has points of superiority over mere jet sprays which have to be regulated in volume to the requirement of the fire at the passing moment.

The diminution in the size of generator 20' made possible by the presence of superhcater 100 is also on important advantage. Again, were generator 20 to be used wholly forboth evaporation and superheat, th'c sup crhcat would probably be best obtained by some by-passing oi unqucnched gases. It is found that with these there may occur a dust which the complete quenching of the gases would prevent Obviously, therefore, there is here a further advantage in divorcing the cvaporative work from superhcating work, if the latter to be effected by unqucnched gases.

For the arrangement last/above described iind, indeed, for any actual installation it is important that a separator be attached to the generalor, and this is shown in Figs. 1 and 3 where the separator 240 catches 'any water which may by any accident come over in bulk. Pipe 242 and-check-valve 2. 13 return this Water to the generator pot, since the hydrostatic head of water in 240 may easily be. made suflicient for this.

241 is a convenient blow-off. Pot 240 also serves as an effective dust-collector, when conditions are such that dirst is possible.

At superheater 100 provision is made whereby the thermostat which controls this supe'rheater also controls the needle-valve 250 in a pipe 251 through which hot water may flow into the-bottom of the superheater as shown onFigs. 1 and Through valve 250 a fine stream is admitted at those times when the superheat of 100 is too great, valve 250 being opened by the lever 252 'fulcrumed at 253. Depriving generator 20 of its surface superheating function and making it simply an evaporater; incidentally permits the complete cooling of the combustion-tube 56 bysteam or water, thus insuring increased life for this important element. l 'In the receiver-space between the high-pressure and low-pressure departments 31 32 of the turbine motor 30 I place a burner 112fsimilar to the one just described and fed with compressed air and gas through pipes 113 114, whereby the motive fluid is reheated by internal combustion in its passage through the motor. Pipes 113 11:1 are connected with the intercoolers 115 116 of the air and gas compressors and as the intercooler pres sures may not always be equal I connect the pipes 113 114 with a pressure-balance mechanism 117 shown in detail in Fig. 12. It iricludes valves 118 119 in the respective pipes attached to a diaphragm 120 which receives on opposite sides the pressures terminal to said valves and accordingly tends to maintain said pressures equal by moving in one direction or the other according as one pressure or the other tends to predominate, throttling that pressure and decreasing the throttle of the other. 7 v

What I claim as new and desire to secureby Letters Patent is:

1. In mlistant'pressure generating apparatus, the combination ofan internal-combustion generator-.iiaving anouter casing, and a combustion-chamber attached at both ends to said casing and having a yielding connection between its points of attachment.

2. In conslant-pressure generating apparatus. the comhination of an internal-combustion generator having awater-pot, an upright combustion-chamber therein discharging into said water-pot, and,a compensating connection between the lower end of said combustiomchamber and the wall of the water-pot.

ii. In constant-pressure generating apparatus, the combination of an internal-combustion generator having a ledge. a comImstion-tube,within said generator having a flange to engage said ledge, and a key-bolt connecting the wall of the generator with the discharge end of said coerhustion-tube.

' 4. In"constant-pressure generating apparatus, the com-- hination ofhn internal-comimstion generate r having a main casing. 21 combustion-tube within the same having a burner at the .end opposite its discharge end, a key-boit connected with said discharge end and-passing through the wall of the casing. and an outside spring engaging said key-bolt for seating the burner end of the combustion-tube.

Fain constant-pressure generating apparatus, the comhination oi. an internal -comhustion generator having a main casing, a combustion-tube within the same having aburner at thrcnd opposit its discharge end, a.key-bolt connected with said discharge end and passing through the, wall of the casing, and an outside spring engaging said key-holt for seating the burnerend of the combustion-tube.

(i. In-constant-pnessure generating apparatus, the com binatlon of an internal-combustion generator, a combustion-tube within the same having a burner at one end and a discharge outlet at the other end within a water space in said generator, and is staying device engaging said dis charge end and formed ass. feed-duct for the introduction of feed-water to said water-space.

7. In constant-pressure generating apparatus, the combination of an internal combustion generator, a combiistion-tube having a discharge end therein, a'key-bolt connected'with said discharge end and located'in the path of unqnenchciproducts of combustion, and means for-cools ing aid key-bolt.

bination of -an internal combustion generator having a main casing provided with a body portion, a burner at-the' upper end of said portion, standards supporting said body portion, and a water-pot at the lower end of said body pore tionremovabje therefrom independently of said standards;

8. In constant-pressure generating apparatus, thecomf ii. In constant-pressure apparatus, the combination of an lnternal-comlmstlon generator. :1 combustion-tube within -thesame, means for supplying compressed air to said generator, and means for forming an air envelop in the wall of said combustion-tube. I 10. in constant-pressure gcnerniting apparatus, the combination of an internal-combustion generator having a double-walledcombustion-tubewith a burner at its upper end, a iluidspacc between the walls of said tube, and an outl et'ljrom said space at the lower end of the combustion tulre. i I

\ 11. in constant-pressure generating apparatus, the combination of an internal combustion generator having a burner. a water-pot, a comImstio'n-tuhe extending between the burner and the water pot and formed with an annular tween the two, and a removable liner projecting from the burner within said tube and extendingfor the major portion ofihe length of the latter.

14. In constant-pressure generating apparatus. the combinntion of an internal -comhustion generaton having a combustiomtubc, a burner at one end thereof, a removable liner ektending from the burner into said combustion-tube andseparated from said tube by an annular space, and means-for supplying compressed air to said space. I

15. In constant-pressure generating apparatus, the combinatlon of an internal combustion generator having acasing, 11 combustion-tube havinga separable fluid-.tight joint with said casing, a burner. and a removable liner extending from the burner into the combustion-tube and supported by the casing from a point back of said joint.

16. Ill constant-pressure generating apparatus, the combination of an internal -combustion generator having an upright combustion-tube with a discharge-outlet at its lower-.end, means for forming a water-pool immersing said outlet, and means for projectinga water-spray into the I upper end of said combustion-tube.

17. In. constant-pressure generating, apparatus, a generator having a burner at its upper end, a water-collectim;

receptacle gt its lower end in the path of the hot gases 'hur ner, a combustion-chamber formed with a wall-space.

means for supplyingcompressed. air to-sald space,

and /means for injecting water into said space.

19. In constant-pressure generating apparatus the combinat-ion of a combustion-chamber having a wall-space with an outlet into the path of the products of conibustion, means for supplying compressed air to said space glnd means for spraying watenirito the compressed air reaching said space.

20. In constant-pressure generating apparatus. the cora binatlon of an upright combustion-tube, a constant-pressure b'nrner, means for supplying air to Jacket said tube. andmeans for supplying water with the air at the upper end of said tube at several points around its periphery.

21. In constant-pres sure generating apparatus, the combination of a constant-pressure burner, an upright combustion-tube formed with a peripheral groove adapted to distribute water uniformly over the edge of said tube into its interior, and a water-spray nozzle discharging into said tube above said groove.

22. In constantpressure generating apparatus, the combination of an internal-combustion generator having a burner and means for yaporizing water with the products of combustion, a combustion-chamber, means tor-discharging a secondary supply of water into said chamber, and means for preheating the secondary water-supplyf 23. In constanbpressure generating apparatus, the combination of an internal-combustion generator, means to spray waterthereinto, means for preheating the water, and means controlled by the temperature of the output from said generator for controlling the quantity of heat in the entering spray.

24. In constantpressure generating apparatus, the combination of an internal-combustion generator, a water injector therefor, a .water preheater, and a thermostat heated by the generator output and controlling the supply 0t water. j

25. In constant pressure generating apparatus, the coinbination ofan internal-combustion generator, a water injector thergfp', a water-preheating burner, and a thermostat subjec binatlon of an internal-combustion generator having a burner and. means for maintaining a pool of water in the path of the products of combustion, a combustion-chamber,

means for connecting the spaces on opposite sides oil the water-pool, and means for indicating the water-level within and without said combustion-chamber.

27. In constant-pressure generating apparatus, the combination of an internal-combustion generator having a burner, a water-pot in the path of the product of combustion, a water-reservoir elevated above the normal level in the water-level in said pot, and an upper vent from said reservoir for removing non-condensabie gases.

'29. In constant-pressure generating apparatus, thecom binationo aninternal-combustion generatorv supplying a mixture or steam and products of combustion, anen'gine operated by said mixture, and an internal-combustion su'perheater in the supply-line between said generator and engine.

-30. In constant-pressure generating apparatus, the combination of an internal coml6ustion generator supplying ,a

mixture of steam and products of combustion, a deliveryconduit extending therefrom, an internal-combustion burner in said'condult, and means controlled by the temperature in the conduit beyond said burner for controlling the burner,

31. In constant-pressurqgenei'a ing} apparatus, the combination of an internal-combustionJgonerator supplying a to the temperature of the generator output ,and controlling the burner heat.

26. In constant-pressure generating apparatus, thecom mixture of steam and products of combustion, an engine operated by said mixture, an internal-combustion burner in the supply-line between the engine and generator, :1

regulating valve tor controlling the amount of heat snp-, plied by said burner, and a thermostat between the burnerand engine controlling said regulating valve.

32. In constant-pressure generating apparatus, the combination of an engine expanding its motive fluid in a series of stages, an internal-combustion steam-and-gas generator supplying said'motor, and an internal-combustion reheating burner located in the path of the motive fluid between the stages of said engine.

33. in constant-pressure generating apparatus, the combination of a plural stage motor, an internal-combustion steam-and-gas generator supplying said motor, an internalcombustion reheater located between the stages of said motor, and a compressor supplying both said generator and said reheater.

3-1. In constant-pressure generating apparatus, the combination of a plural-stage motor, an internal-co bustion reheater located between the stages thereof, menus to sup ply compressed air and gas to said rcheater, and means to equalize the pressures or the air and gas. v

35. In constant-pressure enerating apparatus, the combination of a plural-stage motor, an internal-combustion burner for reheating the motive fluid between stages, a generator for supplying said motor, a plural-stage compr sso r to supply combustion-fluid to the generator, and

the stages of the compressor.

36. In constant-pressure generating apparatus, the combination of a plurabstage motor, an internal-combustion generator for reheating the motive fluid between the stages, an internal-comlmstion generator supplying said motor, plural-stage'air and gas compressors supplying the gen.- erator'and burner, air and gas conduits leading to the .burner from between" the stages of said compressors, and an automatic pressure-balance mechanism for equalizing thepressures in said conduits.

37. In constant-pressure generating apparatus, means for burning combustible under pressure, means for completely cooling the combustion products to a predetermined temperature by means of water added to said products and separate means for-reheating the mixturdof gases and steam to a desired higher temperature. I

38. In constant-pressure generating apparatus, a pressure line containing a plurality of internal combustion means for supplying said fluid to the burner from between 4 burners, and means in the path of the'pr'oducts of combussecond generator later in-said line having. an internal combustion burner and means for adding water to the products of combustion therefrom.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand in thepresence of two subscribing witnesses, the 19th day of.

September, 190s.

' EDWARD P. NOYES. Witnesses: 7

C. ll. 'Bfiowa,--

' E. BASQHIIIADIB. 

